考研英語閱讀是整體試卷分?jǐn)?shù)最重的部分,歷年都是兵家必爭之地,也是讓很多考生很“憂愁”的題型之一。接下來我們將為考生講解閱讀的一種題型——例證題題,希望對考生的暑期英語復(fù)習(xí)有所幫助。
一、判斷題型
通過對考研英語閱讀文章題干的觀察分類例證題題干特點如下,當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)example,demonstrate,illustrate,case,story,即可判斷該題干為例證題,見歷年真題題干如下:
1. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to____.(2008 text3)
2. George Washington's dental surgery in mentioned to____.(2008 text 4)
3. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to(2007 text 1)
4. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce(2007 text 4)
二、方法
通過對歷年真題的分析,例證題的考察主要考察的是論點論據(jù)的區(qū)分,即找出例子論證的論點。例證題可細(xì)分為兩種類型,例子在文首;例子在文中。例子在文首時,多為了引出文章主題,主題通常緊隨例子后面;例子在文中時,多為剛剛陳述一個觀點,接著舉例論證的情況,所以觀點多數(shù)情況緊隨例子前面。
例子在文首見歷年真題題干如下:
1.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.(2006 Text 3)
[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
例子出現(xiàn)在文章首段,用過去式陳述過去發(fā)生在大型肉食動物身上的事情,一段末通過now這個時間指示副詞和文章開頭的arrived之間的對比提出文章主題,Now something similar could be happening in the oceans。正確答案為最后首段末句的同義替換,C。
2. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to(2007 text 1)
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
一段通過一個現(xiàn)象的敘述,引出二段首的觀點,此篇文章,主旨句特點比較明顯,為二段首的問句,問題的答案即為主旨,what might account for this strange phenomenon?首段中的問句及二段首的問句就是文章的主旨,另見2001text4,2002text3。2005年第二篇及2007年第二篇首段連續(xù)出現(xiàn)多個并列問句的情況不是文章主旨。
三、錯誤選項特點
通過對真題的分析,例證題錯誤選項的特征多為就事論事,混淆論點論據(jù)。見真題如下:
1. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.(2006 Text 3)
[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment(文中一段例子中的細(xì)節(jié),不可概括主題)
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared(文中一段例子中的細(xì)節(jié),不可概括主題)
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones(與文中一段三句相矛盾,屬于一段例子中的細(xì)節(jié)上的反向干擾。)
綜合分析其它三個干擾選項特征其實一句話概括,即題干問為什么舉例,而干擾選項在說這個例子本身——就事論事,混淆論點論據(jù)。
2. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to(2007 text 1)
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
(球員出生現(xiàn)象不能夠直接強(qiáng)調(diào)職業(yè)訓(xùn)練的重要性,此處通過球員出生的例子在沒有論證的情況下,還不能得出結(jié)論,即天才是后天造就的,文章的論證是下面的邏輯順序:球員出生現(xiàn)象的引子——原因的猜測:某些星相學(xué)玄學(xué)原因?——接著通過埃里克森的實驗得出結(jié)論:天才是后天造就。該選項跳躍性太強(qiáng),出現(xiàn)了邏輯斷層。)
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.
(例證為了引出主題:二段首,卓越的原因,而不是討論球員本身,選項B非作者意圖。)
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
(文章中說的是球員,不是球隊,屬于一段例子中的細(xì)節(jié)上的偷換概念。)
通過對干擾選項的觀察,B、D兩個干擾項的特點都是就事論事,討論例子本身,非作者意圖,沒有分清論點論據(jù)。
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