在英國(guó)議會(huì)制(BP)英語(yǔ)辯論賽中,首相(PM)是第一位發(fā)言者,他/她的發(fā)言將為整場(chǎng)辯論奠定基礎(chǔ),起著至關(guān)重要的作用,本文將以本屆華西賽區(qū)最后一輪決賽的辯題為例,以冠軍隊(duì)首相(PM) 辯手發(fā)言詞為范本,探討英國(guó)議會(huì)制(BP)辯論賽中首相(PM)的職責(zé)。
初次參與BP辯論的同學(xué)們,往往覺(jué)得要做到滔滔不絕又言之有理地完成7分鐘的發(fā)言實(shí)在難以想象,但一旦同學(xué)們能夠了解,其實(shí),作為PM,他/她的發(fā)言需要涵蓋如下諸多方面的內(nèi)容,就會(huì)豁然開(kāi)朗了。本文將以本屆華西賽區(qū)最后一輪決賽的辯題為例,給同學(xué)們介紹PM的職責(zé)。本屆華西賽區(qū)最后一輪決賽的辯題是:“人應(yīng)該做自己,不必在意他人的看法”這一觀點(diǎn)利大于弊。(This House Supports the narrative that “people should be themselves regardless of others’ opinions”.)
第一,給關(guān)鍵詞下定義。辯題中可能會(huì)涵蓋若干個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,并且定義比較寬泛,PM首當(dāng)其沖的職責(zé)就是準(zhǔn)確判斷關(guān)鍵詞,并通過(guò)下定義,使辯題處在雙方可爭(zhēng)辯的范圍。以以上辯題為例,在辯論中,PM緊緊抓住的“做自己(be themselves)”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞下定義,明確了辯題的范圍。她的發(fā)言一開(kāi)頭就說(shuō)到:This motion is not going to promote the individualism,and to jeopardize the social relationship and integration within the society, but this motion concerns about people’s autonomy, the self-decision, the right to chase freedom and to embrace a broader diversity within our society. ……The definition is very simple and intuitive, that is to say, people have the right to prioritize their appetite, the thing that they like over other’s opinions. 這一部分所占時(shí)間為1分鐘左右。
第二,闡明社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀(status-quo)。PM要認(rèn)清并闡明與本辯題相關(guān)的具體社會(huì)狀況或現(xiàn)象。如在本屆華西賽區(qū)最后一輪決賽的發(fā)言中,PM辯手在對(duì)辯題關(guān)鍵詞下定以后,緊接著就指明了社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀(status-quo):The status-quo is that in today’s society, we are too often influenced by other’s opinion. 為了令人信服,PM辯手列舉了三個(gè)有代表性又視野廣闊的事例:一個(gè)是人們受到明星的所引領(lǐng)的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的影響,而不惜代價(jià)地去做整容手術(shù)使自己能擁有一張明星臉;另一個(gè)是高中生在報(bào)考專(zhuān)業(yè)時(shí),迫于未來(lái)有利于找一份好工作的考慮,會(huì)選擇一個(gè)自己并不喜歡的專(zhuān)業(yè);第三個(gè)是非洲一些國(guó)家放棄了本民族的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念而接受了西方的價(jià)值觀念。此部分所用時(shí)間為2分鐘左右。
第三,明確目的(goal)。PM在闡明社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀的過(guò)程中,實(shí)際上是明確了當(dāng)前社會(huì)上所存在的迫切需要我們認(rèn)清的社會(huì)問(wèn)題,進(jìn)而在此提出本方觀點(diǎn)的所要達(dá)到的目的。在本次辯論中,PM在闡明社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀后,明確提出了他們的目的:Our goal is going to give them freedom to recognize their traditional culture, and to joyfully achieve their self-actualization. 此部分一般僅用一句話明確提出即可。
第四,構(gòu)建論點(diǎn)。這一部分是PM發(fā)言內(nèi)容的核心,用時(shí)一般在4到5分鐘。以此次辯論為例,PM從三個(gè)方面構(gòu)建并闡釋了本方觀點(diǎn):Number one, it is the best way to achieve self-actualization; number two, it is the empowerment of minority, the vulnerable people; number three, it is the change to the social norm to embrace a broader diversity within our society. 在提出了三個(gè)基本論點(diǎn)后,分別加以具體闡釋?zhuān)陉U釋過(guò)程中,有邏輯分析,有舉例說(shuō)明,有正反論證,有引用權(quán)威理論,如著名的馬斯洛需求層次理論。她的闡釋邏輯嚴(yán)密、環(huán)環(huán)相扣,舉例廣泛且貼切得當(dāng),論證有力。在分別闡釋了三個(gè)論點(diǎn)后,最后進(jìn)行了一個(gè)有力的總結(jié):What we are going to achieve is to change the social norm, to break the social stereotype, to break the limitation within us, to make our society more tolerate to accept different things. Different things do have their own value. Even if it’s hard to change, at least we have our commitment. How are we going to change? The answer is that simple. As the motion says, be yourself, and be proud of yourself.
以上是對(duì)BP辯論中,PM職責(zé)及其發(fā)言內(nèi)容的分析,希望感興趣的同學(xué)能夠認(rèn)真揣摩,以提高自己的英語(yǔ)辯論水平。 |